Databases

SQL, relational design, normalization, and database concepts.

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Databases

QUESTION NO 01
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A transaction that commits means?

Answer: Changes are permanently saved
COMMIT makes the transaction's changes durable.
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QUESTION NO 02
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ACID in databases stands for?

Answer: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability
ACID properties guarantee reliable transactions.
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QUESTION NO 03
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An index is used primarily to?

Answer: Speed up lookups
Indexes help the engine find rows faster (at a write/storage cost).
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QUESTION NO 04
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Normalization mainly reduces?

Answer: Data redundancy
Normalization organizes data to minimize duplication and anomalies.
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QUESTION NO 05
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A foreign key references a?

Answer: Primary (or unique) key in another table
Foreign keys enforce referential integrity between tables.
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QUESTION NO 06
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SQL stands for?

Answer: Structured Query Language
SQL is Structured Query Language for relational databases.
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QUESTION NO 07
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A primary key must be?

Answer: Unique and not null
A primary key uniquely identifies each row and cannot be NULL.
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QUESTION NO 08
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Which SQL command retrieves data?

Answer: SELECT
SELECT queries rows from tables.
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QUESTION NO 09
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DELETE vs TRUNCATE: TRUNCATE typically?

Answer: Removes all rows and resets identity (faster, DDL-like)
TRUNCATE clears the table quickly; DELETE can remove specific rows with WHERE.
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QUESTION NO 10
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Which JOIN returns matching rows from both tables?

Answer: INNER JOIN
INNER JOIN keeps rows with matching join keys in both tables.
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